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Jiangxi is a southern province of the People's Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south.

The name of the province does not mean 'west of the Yangtze' as a literal reading would imply, but originated as a contraction of 'Jiangnan Xi', 'West Jiangnan', or more literally 'the west of the south of the Yangtze'. The name was coined when Jiangnan ('south of the Yangtze') Circuit was split into western and eastern halves during the Tang Dynasty. The short name for Jiangxi is 'Gan', for the Gan River.

Jiangxi borders Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to the northwest.

The provincial capital of Jiangxi is Nanchang.

Mountains surround Jiangxi on three sides, with the Mufu Mountains, Jiuling Mountains, and Luoxiao Mountains on the west; Huaiyu Mountains and Wuyi Mountains on the east; and the Jiulian Mountains and Dayu Mountains in the south. The southern half of the province is hilly with ranges and valleys interspersed; while the northern half is flatter and lower in altitude. The highest point in Jiangxi is Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, on the border with Fujian. It has an altitude of 2157 m.

The Gan River dominates the province, flowing through the entire length of the province from south to north. It enters Lake Poyang in the north, the largest freshwater lake of China; that lake in turn empties into the Yangtze River, which forms part of the northern border of Jiangxi. Important reservoirs include the Xiushui Tuolin Reservoir in the northwest of the province on the Xiushui River, and the Wan'an Reservoir in the upper section of the Gan.

Jiangxi's climate is subtropical. Average temperatures are about 3 to 9°C in January and 27 to 31°C in July. Annual precipitation is 1200 to 1900 mm.

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