Tinamidae – Tinamous

Tinamous form a family; the Tinamidae, the sole family in the Tinamiformes order. There are 46 species of birds in nine genera. They are found in Mexico, Central America, and South America. One of the most ancient living groups of bird, they first appear in the fossil record in the Miocene epoch. Tinamous have traditionally been regarded as the sister group of the flightless ratites, but recent work places them well within the ratite radiation, implying basal ratites could fly.

They are generally sedentary, ground-dwelling birds and, although not flightless, when possible, they avoid flight in favour of hiding or running away from danger. They are found in a variety of habitats, ranging from semi-arid alpine grasslands to tropical rainforests.

Andean Tinamou Nothoprocta pentlandii – ©Dubi Shapiro

Although some species are quite common, tinamous are shy and secretive birds. They are active during the day, retiring to roosts at night. They generally have cryptic plumage, with males and females similar in appearance, although the females are usually larger. They are opportunistic and omnivorous feeders, consuming a wide variety of plant and animal food from fruits and seeds to worms, insects and small vertebrates. They will dust-bathe as well as wash themselves by standing in heavy rain. They are heard more often than seen, communicating with each other by a variety of frequently given, characteristic calls, especially during the breeding season.

Great Tinamou Tinamus major – ©Dubi Shapiro

With occasional exceptions, a male tinamou maintains a territory and a nesting site during the breeding season, which a succession of females will visit, laying their eggs in the same nest. Females will wander through several territories mating with, and laying eggs in the nests of the resident males. Nests are always on the ground, concealed in vegetation or among rocks. Eggs are relatively large and glossy, often brightly coloured when laid, and are incubated by the males for a period of two to three weeks. The chicks can run soon after hatching and are largely self-sufficient at three weeks old.

Ornate Tinamou Nothoprocta ornata – ©Dubi Shapiro

Tinamous and their eggs have many natural predators, from falcons and vampire bats to jaguars and giant anteaters. They have also been extensively hunted by humans and sometimes persecuted as agricultural pests. However, the main threat to their populations is from habitat destruction through land clearing and agricultural development. Seven species are listed as vulnerable and another seven as near threatened.

Spotted Nothura Nothura maculosa – ©Dubi Shapiro

They are often translocated and are easily bred in captivity, yet they have never been successfully domesticated. Two groups of species are broadly divided by habitat, with the Nothurinae being steppe or open country tinamous, and the Tinaminae being forest tinamous.

Red-winged Tinamou Rhynchotus rufescens – ©Dubi Shapiro

They feature in the mythology of the indigenous peoples of their range and Panamanian tradition states that after the ‘Great Flood’, the great tinamou grew frightened of the bright colours in the rainbow. He flew away from the rainbow, the ark, and the rest of the animals, heading for the darkest part of the forest, where he has remained ever since.